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Simulation hypothesis

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist sidebar-philosophy"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

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The simulation hypothesis proposes that what one experiences as the real <a href="World" title="World">world</a> is actually a <a href="Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">simulated reality</a>, such as a <a href="Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulation</a> in which humans are constructs.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> There has been much debate over this topic in the <a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> discourse, and regarding practical applications in <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>.

In 2003, philosopher <a href="Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> proposed the simulation argument, which suggested that if a <a href="Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> became capable of creating <a href="Conscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscious">conscious</a> <a href="Simulation" title="Simulation">simulations</a>, it could generate so many simulated beings that a randomly chosen conscious entity would almost certainly be in a simulation. This argument presents a <a href="Trilemma" title="Trilemma">trilemma</a>: either such simulations are not created because of technological limitations or self-destruction; or advanced civilizations choose not to create them; or if advanced civilizations do create them, the number of simulations would far exceed base reality and we would therefore almost certainly be living in one. This assumes that consciousness is not uniquely tied to biological <a href="Brain" title="Brain">brains</a> but can arise from any system that implements the right computational structures and processes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

The hypothesis is preceded by many earlier versions, and variations on the idea have also been featured in <a href="Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, appearing as a central plot device in many stories and films, such as <a href="Simulacron-3" title="Simulacron-3">Simulacron-3</a> (1964) and <a href="The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a> (1999).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div>

Human history is full of thinkers who observed the difference between how things seem and how they might actually be, with <a href="Dream" title="Dream">dreams</a>, <a href="Illusion" title="Illusion">illusions</a>, and <a href="Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a> providing poetic and philosophical metaphors. For example, the "<a href="Zhuangzi_(book)#.22The_Butterfly_Dream.22" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Butterfly Dream</a>" of <a href="Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a> from <a href="Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">ancient China</a>;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> or the <a href="Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a> of <a href="Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a>; or in <a href="Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy</a>, where <a href="Anaxarchus" title="Anaxarchus">Anaxarchus</a> and <a href="Monimus" title="Monimus">Monimus</a> likened existing things to a scene-painting and supposed them to resemble the impressions experienced in sleep or madness.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> <a href="Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec philosophical texts</a> theorized that the world was a painting or book written by the <a href="Teotl" title="Teotl">Teotl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> A common theme in the spiritual philosophy of the religious movements collectively referred to by scholars as <a href="Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> was the belief that reality as we experience it is the creation of a <a href="Demiurge" title="Demiurge">lesser, possibly malevolent, deity</a>, from which humanity should seek to escape.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

In the Western philosophical tradition, Plato's <a href="Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">allegory of the cave</a> analogized human beings to chained prisoners unable to see reality. <a href="Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>' <a href="Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">evil demon</a> philosophically formalized these epistemic doubts,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-MatrixChalmers-11">[11]</a> to be followed by a large literature with subsequent variations like <a href="Brain_in_a_vat" title="Brain in a vat">brain in a vat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1969, <a href="Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> published his book <a href="Calculating_Space" title="Calculating Space">Calculating Space</a> on <a href="Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">automata theory</a>, in which he proposed the idea that the universe was fundamentally computational, a concept which became known as <a href="Digital_physics" title="Digital physics">digital physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Later, roboticist <a href="Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a> explored related themes through the lens of <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, discussing concepts like <a href="Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a> and speculating that our current reality might itself be a computer simulation created by future intelligences.<a href="#cite_note-frc.ri.cmu.edu2-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simulation_argument">Simulation argument</h2></div>

<a href="Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a>'s premise:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Many works of science fiction as well as some forecasts by serious technologists and futurologists predict that enormous amounts of computing power will be available in the future. Let us suppose for a moment that these predictions are correct. One thing that later generations might do with their super-powerful computers is run detailed simulations of their forebears or of people like their forebears. Because their computers would be so powerful, they could run a great many such simulations. Suppose that these simulated people are conscious (as they would be if the simulations were sufficiently fine-grained and if a certain quite widely accepted position in the philosophy of mind is correct). Then it could be the case that the vast majority of minds like ours do not belong to the original race but rather to people simulated by the advanced descendants of an original race.<a href="#cite_note-simulation-17">[17]</a></blockquote>

Bostrom's conclusion:

<blockquote class="templatequote">It is then possible to argue that, if this were the case, we would be rational to think that we are likely among the simulated minds rather than among the original biological ones.

Therefore, if we don't think that we are currently living in a computer simulation, we are not entitled to believe that we will have descendants who will run lots of such simulations of their forebears.</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— Nick Bostrom, Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?, 2003<a href="#cite_note-simulation-17">[17]</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expanded_argument">Expanded argument</h3></div>

In 2003, Bostrom proposed a <a href="Trilemma" title="Trilemma">trilemma</a> that he called "the simulation argument". Despite its name, the "simulation argument" does not directly argue that humans live in a simulation; instead, it argues that one of three unlikely-seeming propositions is almost certainly true:<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

<ol><li>"The fraction of human-level civilizations that reach a posthuman stage (that is, one capable of running high-fidelity ancestor simulations) is very close to zero", or</li>

<li>"The fraction of posthuman civilizations that are interested in running simulations of their evolutionary history, or variations thereof, is very close to zero", or</li>

<li>"The fraction of all people with our kind of experiences that are living in a simulation is very close to one".</li></ol>

The trilemma points out that a technologically mature "posthuman" civilization would have enormous computing power. If even a tiny percentage of "ancestor simulations" were run (that is, "high-fidelity" simulations of ancestral life that would be indistinguishable from reality to the simulated ancestor), the total number of simulated ancestors, or "Sims", in the universe (or <a href="Multiverse" title="Multiverse">multiverse</a>, if it exists) would greatly exceed the total number of actual ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

Bostrom uses a type of <a href="Anthropic_principle#Character_of_anthropic_reasoning" title="Anthropic principle">anthropic reasoning</a> to claim that, if the third proposition is the one of those three that is true, and almost all people live in simulations, then humans are almost certainly living in a simulation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

Bostrom's argument rests on the premise that given sufficiently advanced technology, it would be possible to represent the populated surface of the Earth without recourse to <a href="Digital_physics" title="Digital physics">digital physics</a>; that the <a href="Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a> experienced by a <a href="Simulated_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulated consciousness">simulated consciousness</a> are comparable or equivalent to those of a naturally occurring human consciousness, and that one or more levels of simulation within simulations would be feasible given only a modest expenditure of computational resources in the real world.<a href="#cite_note-bostrom2003-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

Bostrom argues that if one assumes that humans will not be destroyed nor destroy themselves before developing such a technology, and that human descendants will have no overriding legal restrictions or moral compunctions against simulating <a href="Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biospheres</a> or their own historical biosphere, then it would be unreasonable to count ourselves among the small minority of genuine organisms who, sooner or later, will be vastly outnumbered by artificial simulations.<a href="#cite_note-bostrom2003-18">[18]</a>

<a href="Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemologically</a>, it is not impossible for humans to tell whether they are living in a simulation. For example, Bostrom suggests that a window could pop up saying: "You are living in a simulation. Click here for more information." However, imperfections in a simulated environment might be difficult for the native inhabitants to identify and for purposes of authenticity, even the simulated memory of a blatant revelation might be purged by a programme. But if any evidence came to light, either for or against the skeptical hypothesis, it would radically alter the aforementioned probability.<a href="#cite_note-bostrom2003-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

Bostrom claims that his argument goes beyond the classical ancient "<a href="Skeptical_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptical hypothesis">skeptical hypothesis</a>", claiming that "... we have interesting empirical reasons to believe that a certain <a href="Logical_disjunction" title="Logical disjunction">disjunctive</a> claim about the world is true", the third of the three disjunctive propositions being that humans are almost certainly living in a simulation. Thus, Bostrom, and writers in agreement with Bostrom such as <a href="David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> argue there might be empirical reasons for the "simulation hypothesis", and that therefore the simulation hypothesis is not a skeptical hypothesis but rather a "<a href="Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> hypothesis". Bostrom says he sees no strong argument for which of the three trilemma propositions is the true one: "If (1) is true, then we will almost certainly go extinct before reaching posthumanity. If (2) is true, then there must be a strong convergence among the courses of advanced civilizations so that virtually none contains any individuals who desire to run ancestor-simulations and are free to do so. If (3) is true, then we almost certainly live in a simulation. In the dark forest of our current ignorance, it seems sensible to apportion one's credence roughly evenly between (1), (2), and (3) ... I note that people who hear about the simulation argument often react by saying, 'Yes, I accept the argument, and it is obvious that it is possibility #n that obtains.' But different people pick a different n. Some think it obvious that (1) is true, others that (2) is true, yet others that (3) is true". As a corollary to the trilemma, Bostrom states that "Unless we are now living in a simulation, our descendants will almost certainly never run an ancestor-simulation."<a href="#cite_note-bostrom2003-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_Bostrom's_anthropic_reasoning">Criticism of Bostrom's anthropic reasoning</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">Anthropic principle</a></div>

Bostrom argues that if "the fraction of all people with our kind of experiences that are living in a simulation is very close to one", then it follows that humans probably live in a simulation. Some philosophers disagree, proposing that perhaps "Sims" do not have conscious experiences the same way that unsimulated humans do, or that it can otherwise be self-evident to a human that they are a human rather than a Sim.<a href="#cite_note-faq-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Philosopher Barry Dainton modifies Bostrom's trilemma by substituting "neural ancestor simulations" (ranging from literal brains in a vat, to far-future humans with induced high-fidelity hallucinations that they are their own distant ancestors) for Bostrom's "ancestor simulations", on the grounds that every philosophical school of thought can agree that sufficiently high-tech neural ancestor simulation experiences would be indistinguishable from non-simulated experiences. Even if high-fidelity computer Sims are never conscious, Dainton's reasoning leads to the following conclusion: either the fraction of human-level civilizations that reach a posthuman stage and are able and willing to run large numbers of neural ancestor simulations is close to zero, or some kind of (possibly neural) ancestor simulation exists.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

The hypothesis has received criticism from some <a href="Physicist" title="Physicist">physicists</a>, such as <a href="Sabine_Hossenfelder" title="Sabine Hossenfelder">Sabine Hossenfelder</a>, who considers that it is physically impossible to simulate the universe without producing measurable inconsistencies, and called it <a href="Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> and <a href="Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmologist</a> <a href="George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">George F. R. Ellis</a>, who stated that "[the hypothesis] is totally impracticable from a technical viewpoint", and that "late-night pub discussion is not a viable theory".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Some <a href="Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> categorically reject—or are uninterested in—anthropic reasoning, dismissing it as "merely philosophical", unfalsifiable, or inherently unscientific.<a href="#cite_note-faq-21">[21]</a>

Some critics propose that the simulation could be in the first generation, and all the simulated people that will one day be created do not yet exist,<a href="#cite_note-faq-21">[21]</a> in accordance with <a href="Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">philosophical presentism</a>.

The cosmologist <a href="Sean_M._Carroll" title="Sean M. Carroll">Sean M. Carroll</a> argues that the simulation hypothesis leads to a contradiction: if humans are typical, as it is assumed, and not capable of performing simulations, this contradicts the arguer's assumption that it is easy for us to foresee that other civilizations can most likely perform simulations.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Physicist <a href="Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> raises an empirical objection, saying that the laws of the universe have hidden complexity which is "not used for anything" and the laws are constrained by time and location – all of this being unnecessary and extraneous in a simulation. He further argues that the simulation argument amounts to "<a href="Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">begging the question</a>," due to the "embarrassing question" of the nature of the underlying reality in which this universe is simulated. "Okay if this is a simulated world, what is the thing in which it is simulated made out of? What are the laws for that?"<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

Brian Eggleston has argued that the future humans of our universe cannot be the ones performing the simulation, since the simulation argument considers our universe to be the one being simulated.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In other words, it has been argued that the probability that humans live in a simulated universe is not independent of the prior probability that is assigned to the existence of other universes.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments,_within_the_trilemma,_against_the_simulation_hypothesis">Arguments, within the trilemma, against the simulation hypothesis</h3></div>

Some scholars accept the trilemma, and argue that the first or second of the propositions are true, and that the third proposition (the proposition that humans live in a simulation) is false. Physicist <a href="Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> uses Bostrom's trilemma as part of one possible argument against a near-infinite <a href="Multiverse" title="Multiverse">multiverse</a>. This argument runs as follows: if there were a near-infinite multiverse, there would be posthuman civilizations running ancestor simulations, which would lead to the untenable and scientifically self-defeating conclusion that humans live in a simulation; therefore, by <a href="Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a>, existing multiverse theories are likely false. (Unlike Bostrom and Chalmers, Davies (among others) considers the simulation hypothesis to be self-defeating.)<a href="#cite_note-faq-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

Some point out that there is currently no proof of technology that would facilitate the existence of sufficiently high-fidelity ancestor simulation. Additionally, there is no proof that it is physically possible or feasible for a posthuman civilization to create such a simulation, and therefore for the present, the first proposition must be taken to be true.<a href="#cite_note-faq-21">[21]</a> Additionally there are <a href="Limits_of_computation" title="Limits of computation">limits of computation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-simulation-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

Physicist <a href="Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a> objects to the notion that posthumans would have a reason to run simulated universes: "...being so advanced they would have collected enough knowledge about their past to have little interest in this kind of simulation. ...They may have virtual-reality museums, where they could go and experience the lives and tribulations of their ancestors. But a full-fledged, resource-consuming simulation of an entire universe? Sounds like a colossal waste of time". Gleiser also points out that there is no plausible reason to stop at one level of simulation, so that the simulated ancestors might also be simulating their ancestors, and so on, creating an infinite regress akin to the "<a href="Turtles_all_the_way_down" title="Turtles all the way down">problem of the First Cause</a>".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

In 2019, philosopher Preston Greene suggested that it may be best not to find out if we are living in a simulation, since, if it were found to be true, such knowing might end the simulation.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190810-33">[33]</a>

<a href="Economist" title="Economist">Economist</a> <a href="Robin_Hanson" title="Robin Hanson">Robin Hanson</a> argues that a self-interested occupant of a high-fidelity simulation should strive to be entertaining and praiseworthy in order to avoid being turned off or being shunted into a non-conscious low-fidelity part of the simulation. Hanson additionally speculates that someone who is aware that he might be in a simulation might care less about others and live more for today: "your motivation to save for retirement, or to help the poor in <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, might be muted by realizing that in your simulation, you will never retire and there is no Ethiopia".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

Besides attempting to assess whether the simulation hypothesis is true or false, philosophers have also used it to illustrate other philosophical problems, especially in <a href="Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> and <a href="Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>. <a href="David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> has argued that simulated beings might wonder whether their <a href="Mind" title="Mind">mental</a> lives are governed by the <a href="Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> of their environment, when in fact these mental lives are simulated separately (and are thus, in fact, not governed by the simulated physics).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Chalmers claims that they might eventually find that their thoughts fail to be physically <a href="Causality" title="Causality">caused</a>, and argues that this means that <a href="Mind-body_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind-body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a> is not necessarily as problematic of a philosophical view as is commonly supposed, though he does not endorse it.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Similar arguments have been made for philosophical views about <a href="Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a> that say that an individual could have been another human being in the past, as well as views about <a href="Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a> that say that colors could have appeared differently than they do (the <a href="Inverted_spectrum" title="Inverted spectrum">inverted spectrum</a> scenario). In both cases, the claim is that all this would require is hooking up the mental lives to the simulated physics in a different way.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computationalism">Computationalism</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Computationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Computationalism">Computationalism</a> and <a href="Mathematical_universe_hypothesis" title="Mathematical universe hypothesis">Mathematical universe hypothesis</a></div>

<a href="Computationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Computationalism">Computationalism</a> is a <a href="Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> theory stating that <a href="Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> is a form of <a href="Computation" title="Computation">computation</a>. It is relevant to the simulation hypothesis in that it illustrates how a simulation could contain conscious subjects, as required by a "virtual people" simulation. For example, it is well known that physical systems can be simulated to some degree of accuracy. If computationalism is correct and if there is no <a href="Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">problem</a> in generating <a href="Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">artificial consciousness</a> or cognition, it would establish the theoretical possibility of a simulated reality. Nevertheless, the relationship between cognition and phenomenal <a href="Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a> of consciousness is <a href="Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">disputed</a>. It is possible that <a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> requires a <a href="Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vital substrate</a> that a computer cannot provide and that simulated people, while behaving appropriately, would be <a href="Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">philosophical zombies</a>. This would undermine <a href="Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a>'s simulation argument; humans cannot be a simulated consciousness, if consciousness, as humans understand it, cannot be simulated. The skeptical hypothesis remains intact, however, and humans could still be <a href="Brain_in_a_vat" title="Brain in a vat">vatted brains</a>, existing as conscious beings within a simulated environment, even if consciousness cannot be simulated. It has been suggested that whereas <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> would enable a participant to experience only three senses (sight, sound and optionally smell), simulated reality would enable all five (including taste and touch).

Some theorists<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> have argued that if the "consciousness-is-computation" version of <a href="Computationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Computationalism">computationalism</a> and <a href="Mathematical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical realism">mathematical realism</a> (or radical <a href="Mathematical_Platonism" title="Mathematical Platonism">mathematical Platonism</a>)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> are true, then consciousness is computation, which in principle is <a href="Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">platform independent</a> and thus admits of simulation. This argument states that a "<a href="Platonic_realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realm">Platonic realm</a>" or <a href="Ultimate_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate ensemble">ultimate ensemble</a> would contain every algorithm, including those that implement consciousness. <a href="Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a> has explored the simulation hypothesis and has argued for a kind of mathematical Platonism according to which every object (including, for example, a stone) can be regarded as implementing every possible computation.<a href="#cite_note-frc.ri.cmu.edu2-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_physics">In physics</h2></div>

In physics, the view of the universe and its workings as the ebb and flow of information was first observed by Wheeler.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Consequently, two views of the world emerged: the first one proposes that the universe is a <a href="Quantum_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computer">quantum computer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> while the other one proposes that the system performing the simulation is distinct from its simulation (the universe).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Of the former view, quantum-computing specialist Dave Bacon wrote:

<blockquote>In many respects this point of view may be nothing more than a result of the fact that the notion of computation is the disease of our age—everywhere we look today we see examples of computers, computation, and information theory and thus we extrapolate this to our laws of physics. Indeed, thinking about computing as arising from faulty components, it seems as if the abstraction that uses perfectly operating computers is unlikely to exist as anything but a platonic ideal. Another critique of such a point of view is that there is no evidence for the kind of digitization that characterizes computers nor are there any predictions made by those who advocate such a view that have been experimentally confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing_the_hypothesis_physically">Testing the hypothesis physically</h3></div>

A method to test one type of simulation hypothesis was proposed in 2012 in a joint paper by physicists Silas R. Beane from the <a href="University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> (now at the <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington, Seattle</a>), and Zohreh Davoudi and Martin J. Savage from the University of Washington, Seattle.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Under the assumption of finite computational resources, the simulation of the universe would be performed by dividing the <a href="Spacetime" title="Spacetime">space-time</a> continuum into a discrete set of points, which may result in observable effects. In analogy with the mini-simulations that <a href="Lattice_gauge_theory" title="Lattice gauge theory">lattice-gauge theorists</a> run today to build up <a href="Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a> from the underlying theory of <a href="Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interactions</a> (known as <a href="Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a>), several observational consequences of a grid-like space-time have been studied in their work. Among proposed signatures is an <a href="Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropy</a> in the distribution of ultra-high-energy <a href="Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> that, if observed, would be consistent with the simulation hypothesis according to these physicists.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2017, Campbell et al. proposed several experiments aimed at testing the simulation hypothesis in their paper "On Testing the Simulation Theory".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

Astrophysicist <a href="Neil_Degrasse_Tyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Neil Degrasse Tyson">Neil Degrasse Tyson</a> said in a 2018 <a href="NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> interview that he estimated the likelihood of the simulation hypothesis being correct at "better than 50-50 odds", adding "I wish I could summon a strong argument against it, but I can find none".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, in a subsequent interview with <a href="Chuck_Nice" title="Chuck Nice">Chuck Nice</a> on a YouTube episode of <a href="StarTalk_(podcast)" title="StarTalk (podcast)">StarTalk</a>, Tyson shared that his friend <a href="J._Richard_Gott" title="J. Richard Gott">J. Richard Gott</a>, a professor of astrophysical sciences at <a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, made him aware of a strong objection to the simulation hypothesis. The objection claims that the common trait that all hypothetical high-fidelity simulated universes possess is the ability to produce high-fidelity simulated universes. And since our current world does not possess this ability, it would mean that either humans are in the real universe, and therefore simulated universes have not yet been created, or that humans are the last in a very long chain of simulated universes, an observation that makes the simulation hypothesis seem less probable. Regarding this objection, Tyson remarked "that changes my life".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

<a href="Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, the CEO of <a href="Tesla%2C_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a> and <a href="SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, stated that the argument for the simulation hypothesis is <a href="Views_of_Elon_Musk#Simulation_hypothesis" title="Views of Elon Musk">"quite strong"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vice-musk-50">[50]</a> In a podcast with <a href="Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Joe Rogan</a>, Musk said "If you assume any rate of improvement at all, games will eventually be indistinguishable from reality" before concluding "that it's most likely we're in a simulation".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> At various other press conferences and events, Musk has also speculated that the likelihood of us living in a simulated reality or computer made by others is about 99.9%, and stated in a 2016 interview that he believed there was "a one in billion chance we're in base reality".<a href="#cite_note-vice-musk-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dream_argument">Dream argument</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Dream_argument" title="Dream argument">Dream argument</a></div>A <a href="Dream" title="Dream">dream</a> could be considered a type of simulation capable of fooling someone who is asleep. As a result, Bertrand Russell has argued that the "dream hypothesis" is not a logical impossibility, but that <a href="Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a> as well as considerations of <a href="Occam's_razor" title="Occam's razor">simplicity</a> and <a href="Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">inference to the best explanation</a> rule against it.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> One of the first philosophers to question the distinction between reality and dreams was <a href="Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a>, a Chinese philosopher of the 4th century BC. He phrased the problem as the well-known "<a href="The_Butterfly_Dream" class="mw-redirect" title="The Butterfly Dream">Butterfly Dream</a>", which went as follows:

<blockquote>Once Zhuangzi dreamt he was a butterfly, a butterfly flitting and fluttering around, happy with himself and doing as he pleased. He didn't know he was Zhuangzi. Suddenly he woke up and there he was, solid and unmistakable Zhuangzi. But he didn't know if he was Zhuangzi who had dreamt he was a butterfly or a butterfly dreaming he was Zhuangzi. Between Zhuangzi and a butterfly there must be some distinction! This is called the Transformation of Things. (2, tr. Burton Watson 1968:49)</blockquote>

The philosophical underpinnings of this argument are also brought up by <a href="Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>, who was one of the first <a href="Western_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Western World">Western</a> philosophers to do so. In Meditations on First Philosophy, he states "... there are no certain indications by which we may clearly distinguish wakefulness from sleep",<a href="#cite_note-Des-54">[54]</a> and goes on to conclude that "It is possible that I am dreaming right now and that all of my perceptions are false".<a href="#cite_note-Des-54">[54]</a>

Chalmers (2003) discusses the dream hypothesis and notes that this comes in two distinct forms:

<ul><li>that he is currently dreaming, in which case many of his beliefs about the world are incorrect;</li>

<li>that he has always been dreaming, in which case the objects he perceives actually exist, albeit in his imagination.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li></ul>

Both the dream argument and the simulation hypothesis can be regarded as <a href="Skeptical_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptical hypothesis">skeptical hypotheses</a>. Another state of mind in which some argue an individual's perceptions have no physical basis in the real world is <a href="Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, though psychosis may have a physical basis in the real world and explanations vary.

In <a href="On_Certainty" title="On Certainty">On Certainty</a>, the philosopher <a href="Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> has argued that such skeptical hypothesis are unsinnig (i.e. non-sensical), as they doubt knowledge that is required in order to make sense of the hypotheses themselves.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

The dream hypothesis is also used to develop other philosophical concepts, such as Valberg's <a href="Personal_horizon" title="Personal horizon">personal horizon</a>: what this world would be internal to if this were all a dream.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

Lucid dreaming is characterized as an idea where the elements of dreaming and waking are combined to a point where the user knows they are dreaming, or waking perhaps.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

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Science fiction has highlighted themes such as virtual reality, artificial intelligence and computer gaming for more than fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

<a href="Simulacron-3" title="Simulacron-3">Simulacron-3</a> (1964) by <a href="Daniel_F._Galouye" title="Daniel F. Galouye">Daniel F. Galouye</a> (alternative title: Counterfeit World) tells the story of a virtual city developed as a computer simulation for market research purposes, in which the simulated inhabitants possess consciousness; all but one of the inhabitants are unaware of the true nature of their world. The book was made into a German made-for-TV film called <a href="World_on_a_Wire" title="World on a Wire">World on a Wire</a> (1973) directed by <a href="Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a> and aired on <a href="Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">ARD</a>. The film <a href="The_Thirteenth_Floor" title="The Thirteenth Floor">The Thirteenth Floor</a> (1999) was also loosely based on both this book and World on a Wire. "<a href="We_Can_Remember_It_for_You_Wholesale" title="We Can Remember It for You Wholesale">We Can Remember It for You Wholesale</a>" is a short story by American writer <a href="Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>, first published in <a href="The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a> in April 1966, and was the basis for the 1990 film <a href="Total_Recall_(1990_film)" title="Total Recall (1990 film)">Total Recall</a> and <a href="Total_Recall_(2012_film)" title="Total Recall (2012 film)">its 2012 remake</a>. In <a href="Overdrawn_at_the_Memory_Bank" title="Overdrawn at the Memory Bank">Overdrawn at the Memory Bank</a>, a short story made into a 1983 television film, the main character pays to have his mind connected to a simulation.

The same theme was repeated in the 1999 film <a href="The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a>, which depicted a world in which artificially intelligent robots enslaved humanity within a simulation set in the contemporary world. The 2012 play World of Wires was partially inspired by the Bostrom essay on the simulation hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

The 2012 <a href="Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novel</a> <a href="Danganronpa_2%3A_Goodbye_Despair" title="Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair">Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair</a> is set in a simulated reality known as the Neo World Program, which in this instance simulates a class trip to Jabberwock Island which, while initially peaceful, turns into a "killing game" involving the students in the simulation killing each other and trying to not be found guilty. Similarly, 2022's <a href="Anonymous%3BCode" title="Anonymous;Code">Anonymous;Code</a> explores the idea of the world being a simulation, with an infinite or near-infinite number of "world layers" of simulations running inside other simulations. The main problem with this system is that in some of these "world layers", both above and below the one the characters find themselves living in, the <a href="Year_2038_Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 2038 Problem">Year 2038 Problem</a> has not been solved, dooming the world to end on January 19, 2038 at 3:14:07 am UTC. The characters have to hack all the way into the highest world layer, the real world that <a href="Fourth_wall" title="Fourth wall">the player</a> lives in, to synchronize all the world layers and solve the Year 2038 problem in all of them.

The 2014 episode of the animated sitcom <a href="Rick_and_Morty" title="Rick and Morty">Rick and Morty</a>, "<a href="M._Night_Shaym-Aliens!" title="M. Night Shaym-Aliens!">M. Night Shaym-Aliens!</a>", demonstrates a low-quality simulation that attempts to trap the two titular protagonists, but because the operation is less "realistic" than typically operated "reality", it becomes obvious.

In 2015, Kent Forbes published a documentary named "The Simulation Hypothesis", notably featuring <a href="Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a>, <a href="Neil_deGrasse_Tyson" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a>, <a href="Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> and James Gates.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

In the 2016 video game <a href="No_Man's_Sky" title="No Man's Sky">No Man's Sky</a>, the universe is a simulated universe run by The Atlas. According to in-game lore, many vastly different iterations of the universe existed, with very different histories and races. As the Atlas AI became more and more corrupted, the universes became more and more similar to each other.

A 2017 episode of the long-running British science fiction series <a href="Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> titled "<a href="Extremis_(Doctor_Who)" title="Extremis (Doctor Who)">Extremis</a>" features a simulated version of the <a href="Twelfth_Doctor" title="Twelfth Doctor">Twelfth Doctor</a> and his companions. A secret Vatican document describes the truth about the simulated reality by inviting its reader to choose any series of numbers at random. The document lists the same numbers on the next page since the simulated program cannot produce a truly random event. The simulation is finally revealed to be a practice world for aliens intent on real-world domination.

Rizwan Virk, of Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a founder of PlayLabs, and author of the book, "The Simulation Hypothesis". A story about Virk trying on a virtual reality headset and forgetting he was in an empty room makes him wonder if the real world was created by more tech-savvy individuals, other than us.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>

The 2022 Netflix <a href="Epic_film" title="Epic film">epic</a> <a href="Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">period</a> <a href="Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery</a>-<a href="Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">science fiction</a> <a href="1899_(TV_series)" title="1899 (TV series)">1899</a> created by <a href="Jantje_Friese" title="Jantje Friese">Jantje Friese</a> and <a href="Baran_bo_Odar" title="Baran bo Odar">Baran bo Odar</a> tells the unfinished story of a simulation scenario in which multiple persons find themselves in a circumstance of multiplicities and simultaneities. The storyline involves an amnesia, seemingly to protect the integrity of the simulation, as suggested would be necessary by the philosopher Preston Green.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190810-33">[33]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">Artificial life</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_society" title="Artificial society">Artificial society</a></li>

<li><a href="Boltzmann_brain" title="Boltzmann brain">Boltzmann brain</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain_in_a_vat" title="Brain in a vat">Brain in a vat</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_physics" title="Digital physics">Digital physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_D._Hoffman#The_interface_theory_of_perception" title="Donald D. Hoffman">Interface theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuned universe</a></li>

<li><a href="Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">Holographic principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Matrix_defense" title="Matrix defense">Matrix defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a></li>

<li><a href="Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective idealism</a></li>

<li>Suffering in simulations</li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarroll2016" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Sean (22 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2016/08/22/maybe-we-do-not-live-in-a-simulation-the-resolution-conundrum/">"Maybe We Do Not Live in a Simulation: The Resolution Conundrum"</a>. PreposterousUniverse.com.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSean_Carroll2021" class="citation podcast cs1">Sean Carroll (January 18, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2021/01/18/130-frank-wilczek-on-the-present-and-future-of-fundamental-physics/">"SEAN CARROLL'S MINDSCAPE"</a>. Preposterousuniverse.com (Podcast). Sean Carroll. Event occurs at 0:53.37. <q>The laws that we observe just don't look like a competently programmed simulation... They have a lot of hidden complexity. So when you dig deeper you find that there's a hidden structure that's not used for anything. Why would you do that, if you're simulating a world? Also, the laws are very constrained. They are local; they don't change in time; they don't change in place. In a programmed environment, there's no reason to obey any of those constraints... And then there's the embarrassing question of, okay if this is a simulated world, what is the thing in which it is simulated made out of? What are the laws for that? So it begs the question.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEggleston" class="citation web cs1">Eggleston, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208090254/https://web.stanford.edu/class/symbsys205/BostromReview.html">"Bostrom Review"</a>. stanford.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/symbsys205/BostromReview.html">the original</a> on December 8, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavies2004" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, P. C. W. (2004). "Multiverse Cosmological Models". Modern Physics Letters A. 19 (10): 727–743. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0403047">astro-ph/0403047</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MPLA...19..727D">2004MPLA...19..727D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS021773230401357X">10.1142/S021773230401357X</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "There is no logical impossibility in the supposition that the whole of life is a dream, in which we ourselves create all the objects that come before us. But although this is not logically impossible, there is no reason whatever to suppose that it is true; and it is, in fact, a less simple hypothesis, viewed as a means of accounting for the facts of our own life, than the common-sense hypothesis that there really are objects independent of us, whose action on us causes our sensations." <a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, The Problems of Philosophy

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<li id="cite_note-Des-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Des_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Des_54-1">b</a> René Descartes, Meditations on the First Philosophy, from Descartes, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, trans. Elizabeth S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911 – reprinted with corrections 1931), Volume I, 145-46.

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCopleston1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston, Frederick</a> (1993) [1946]. "XIX Theory of Knowledge". A History of Philosophy, Volume I: Greece and Rome. New York: Image Books (Doubleday). p. 160. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-385-46843-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCopleston1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston, Frederick</a> (1994) [1960]. "II Descartes (I)". A History of Philosophy, Volume IV: Modern Philosophy. New York: Image Books (Doubleday). p. 86. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-385-47041-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_Deutsch" title="David Deutsch">Deutsch, David</a> (1997). <a href="The_Fabric_of_Reality" title="The Fabric of Reality">The Fabric of Reality</a>. London: Penguin Science (Allen Lane). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-14-014690-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Seth_Lloyd" title="Seth Lloyd">Lloyd, Seth</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/programmingunive00lloy">Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos</a>. Knopf. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4000-4092-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTipler1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Frank_Tipler" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Tipler">Tipler, Frank</a> (1994). The Physics of Immortality. Doubleday. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-385-46799-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLem1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Stanislaw_Lem" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Lem">Lem, Stanislaw</a> (1964). Summa Technologiae. Suhrkamp. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-518-37178-7</bdi>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li></ul>

<ul><li>"Are We Living in a Simulation?" <a href="BBC_Focus" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Focus">BBC Focus</a> magazine, March 2013, pages 43–45. Interview with physicist Silas Beane of the University of Bonn discussing a proposed test for simulated reality evidence. Three pages, three photos, including one of Beane and a computer-generated scene from the film <a href="The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a>. Publisher: Immediate Media Company, Bristol, UK.</li>

<li>Conitzer, Vincent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-018-9979-6">"A Puzzle About Further Facts"</a>. Open access version of article in <a href="Erkenntnis" title="Erkenntnis">Erkenntnis</a>.</li>

<li>Lev, Gid'on. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39620386/Life_in_the_Matrix">Life in the Matrix</a>. <a href="Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz Magazine</a>, April 25, 2019, page 6.</li>

<li>Merali, Zeeya. "Do We Live in the Matrix?" <a href="Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a>, December 2013, pages 24–25. Subtitle: "Physicists have proposed tests to reveal whether we are part of a giant computer simulation".</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGrupp2021" class="citation journal cs1">Grupp, Jeff (2021-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/GRUTIA-2">"The Implantation Argument: Simulation Theory is Proof that God Exists"</a>. Metaphysica. 22 (2): 189–221. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmp-2020-0014">10.1515/mp-2020-0014</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237494519">237494519</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simulation-argument.com/">Are We Living in a Computer Simulation?</a>—<a href="Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a>'s Simulation Argument webpage</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophical_skepticism157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philosophical_skepticism157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Philosophical skepticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptical philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Cartesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Humeanism" title="Humeanism">Humeanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptical philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sanjaya_Belatthiputta" title="Sanjaya Belatthiputta">Sanjaya Belatthiputta</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li>

<li><a href="Xeniades" title="Xeniades">Xeniades</a></li>

<li><a href="Metrodorus_of_Chios" title="Metrodorus of Chios">Metrodorus of Chios</a></li>

<li><a href="Anaxarchus" title="Anaxarchus">Anaxarchus</a></li>

<li><a href="Nausiphanes" title="Nausiphanes">Nausiphanes</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li>

<li><a href="Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academic_skeptics41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic skeptics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li>

<li><a href="Diocles_of_Cnidus" title="Diocles of Cnidus">Diocles of Cnidus</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecles" title="Telecles">Telecles</a> and <a href="Evander_(philosopher)" title="Evander (philosopher)">Evander</a></li>

<li><a href="Hegesinus_of_Pergamon" title="Hegesinus of Pergamon">Hegesinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li>

<li><a href="Hagnon_of_Tarsus" title="Hagnon of Tarsus">Hagnon of Tarsus</a></li>

<li><a href="Metrodorus_of_Stratonicea" title="Metrodorus of Stratonicea">Metrodorus of Stratonicea</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristanax" title="Aristanax">Aristanax</a></li>

<li><a href="Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a></li>

<li><a href="Charmadas" title="Charmadas">Charmadas</a></li>

<li><a href="Aeschines_of_Neapolis" title="Aeschines of Neapolis">Aeschines of Neapolis</a></li>

<li><a href="Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li>

<li><a href="Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaius_Aurelius_Cotta" title="Gaius Aurelius Cotta">Gaius Aurelius Cotta</a></li>

<li><a href="Dio_of_Alexandria" title="Dio of Alexandria">Dio of Alexandria</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li>

<li><a href="Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li>

<li><a href="Jayar%C4%81%C5%9Bi_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa">Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Nicholas of Autrecourt</a></li>

<li><a href="Michel_De_Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel De Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Charron" title="Pierre Charron">Pierre Charron</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_Sanches" title="Francisco Sanches">Francisco Sanches</a></li>

<li><a href="Uriel_da_Costa" title="Uriel da Costa">Uriel da Costa</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Chillingworth" title="William Chillingworth">William Chillingworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Foucher" title="Simon Foucher">Simon Foucher</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottlob_Ernst_Schulze" title="Gottlob Ernst Schulze">Gottlob Ernst Schulze</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Drummond_of_Logiealmond" title="William Drummond of Logiealmond">William Drummond</a></li>

<li><a href="Benson_Mates" title="Benson Mates">Benson Mates</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Unger" title="Peter Unger">Peter Unger</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Fogelin" title="Robert Fogelin">Robert Fogelin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptical scenarios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acatalepsy" title="Acatalepsy">Acatalepsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Aporia" title="Aporia">Aporia</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain_in_a_vat" title="Brain in a vat">Brain in a vat</a></li>

<li><a href="Dream_argument" title="Dream argument">Dream argument</a></li>

<li><a href="Epoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoche">Epoche</a></li>

<li><a href="Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li>

<li><a href="Five-minute_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-minute hypothesis">Five-minute hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C3%BCnchhausen_trilemma" title="Münchhausen trilemma">Münchhausen trilemma</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_of_the_criterion" title="Problem of the criterion">Problem of the criterion</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li>

<li><a href="Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">Reductio ad absurdum</a></li>

<li><a href="Regress_argument_(epistemology)" title="Regress argument (epistemology)">Regress argument</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspension_of_judgment" title="Suspension of judgment">Suspension of judgment</a></li>

<li><a href="Wax_argument" title="Wax argument">Wax argument</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Process reliabilism</a></li>

<li><a href="Epistemic_closure" title="Epistemic closure">Epistemic closure</a></li>

<li><a href="Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptical philosophical literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barhaspatya_sutras" title="Barhaspatya sutras">Barhaspatya sutras</a></li>

<li><a href="Academica_(Cicero)" title="Academica (Cicero)">Academica</a> (<a href="Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Outlines_of_Pyrrhonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlines of Pyrrhonism">Outlines of Pyrrhonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Against_the_Dogmatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Against the Dogmatists">Against the Dogmatists</a></li>

<li><a href="Against_the_Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Against the Mathematicians">Against the Mathematicians</a></li>

<li><a href="Essays_(Montaigne)" title="Essays (Montaigne)">Essays</a> (<a href="Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Discourse_on_the_Method" title="Discourse on the Method">Discourse on the Method</a></li>

<li><a href="A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Aenesidemus_(book)" title="Aenesidemus (book)">Aenesidemus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Radical_skepticism" title="Radical skepticism">Radical</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_skepticism" title="Local skepticism">Local</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Moral</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jewish_skeptics" title="Jewish skeptics">Jewish skeptics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extended_reality_(XR)1415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Extended_reality_(XR)1415" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality (XR)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Reality%E2%80%93virtuality_continuum" title="Reality–virtuality continuum">From least to most virtual:</a> <a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality (AR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality (MR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality (VR)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuality">Virtuality</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cinematic_virtual_reality" title="Cinematic virtual reality">Cinematic virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer-mediated_reality" title="Computer-mediated reality">Computer-mediated reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">Avatar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Projection_augmented_model" title="Projection augmented model">Projection augmented model</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Room-scale" title="Room-scale">Room-scale</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">Six degrees of freedom (6DoF)</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_computing" title="Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Telepresence" title="Telepresence">Telepresence</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_applications" title="Virtual reality applications">Virtual reality applications</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_sickness" title="Virtual reality sickness">Virtual reality sickness</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual world</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Filter_(social_media)" title="Filter (social media)">Camera filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantified_self" title="Quantified self">Quantified self</a></li>

<li><a href="Screen-door_effect" title="Screen-door effect">Screen-door effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vergence-accommodation_conflict" title="Vergence-accommodation conflict">Vergence-accommodation conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="VTuber" title="VTuber">VTuber</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a></li>

<li><a href="Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_head-mounted_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical head-mounted display">optical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancake_lens#Other_uses" title="Pancake lens">Pancake lens</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a>

<li><a href="Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">Eye tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">Facial motion capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">Finger/hand tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Pose_tracking" title="Pose tracking">Pose tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asynchronous_reprojection" title="Asynchronous reprojection">Asynchronous reprojection</a></li>

<li><a href="Foveated_rendering" title="Foveated rendering">Foveated rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based modeling and rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_audio_effect" title="3D audio effect">Spatial audio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360-degree video</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_viewpoint_television" title="Free viewpoint television">Free viewpoint television</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera">Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera</a></li>

<li><a href="VR_photography" title="VR photography">VR photography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haptic_suit" title="Haptic suit">Haptic suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnidirectional_treadmill" title="Omnidirectional treadmill">Omnidirectional treadmill</a></li>

<li><a href="Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cyberith_Virtualizer" title="Cyberith Virtualizer">Cyberith Virtualizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Leap_Motion" title="Leap Motion">Leap Motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculus_Touch" title="Oculus Touch">Oculus Touch</a></li>

<li><a href="PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a></li>

<li><a href="Razer_Hydra" title="Razer Hydra">Razer Hydra</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtuix_Omni" title="Virtuix Omni">Virtuix Omni</a></li>

<li><a href="Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired glove</a></li>

<li><a href="Wizdish_ROVR" title="Wizdish ROVR">Wizdish ROVR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="Brilliant_Labs" title="Brilliant Labs">Brilliant Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a></li>

<li><a href="Collabora" title="Collabora">Collabora</a></li>

<li><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></li>

<li><a href="Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_Image" title="Liquid Image">Liquid Image</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reality_Labs" title="Reality Labs">Reality Labs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li>

<li><a href="Niantic%2C_Inc." title="Niantic, Inc.">Niantic, Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li>

<li><a href="Rokoko_(company)" title="Rokoko (company)">Rokoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Varjo" title="Varjo">Varjo</a></li>

<li><a href="Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Apple Vision Pro</a></li>

<li><a href="Bigscreen_Beyond" title="Bigscreen Beyond">Bigscreen Beyond</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden-i" title="Golden-i">Golden-i headsets</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Quest_3" title="Meta Quest 3">Meta Quest 3</a>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Virtual_Reality" title="Open Source Virtual Reality">Open Source Virtual Reality</a></li>

<li><a href="PICO_4" title="PICO 4">PICO 4 Ultra</a></li>

<li><a href="Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li>

<li><a href="PlayStation_VR2" title="PlayStation VR2">PlayStation VR2</a></li>

<li><a href="Valve_Index" title="Valve Index">Valve Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AntVR" title="AntVR">AntVR</a></li>

<li><a href="CastAR" title="CastAR">castAR</a></li>

<li><a href="VPL_Research" title="VPL Research">EyePhone</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Google Cardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Google Daydream</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Quest_Pro" title="Meta Quest Pro">Meta Quest Pro</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">Microsoft HoloLens</a>

<li><a href="Oculus_Go" title="Oculus Go">Oculus Go</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculus_Quest" title="Oculus Quest">Oculus Quest</a></li>

<li><a href="Quest_2" title="Quest 2">Oculus/Meta Quest 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus Rift</a>

<li><a href="PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Gear_VR" title="Samsung Gear VR">Samsung Gear VR</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensorama" title="Sensorama">Sensorama</a></li>

<li><a href="SixthSense" title="SixthSense">SixthSense</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Sword_of_Damocles_(virtual_reality)" title="The Sword of Damocles (virtual reality)">The Sword of Damocles</a></li>

<li><a href="VFX1_Headgear" title="VFX1 Headgear">VFX1 Headgear</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_fixture" title="Virtual fixture">Virtual fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtuality_(product)" title="Virtuality (product)">Virtuality</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unreleased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_graffiti" title="Virtual graffiti">Virtual graffiti</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Pervasive_game" title="Pervasive game">Pervasive game</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_software_related_to_augmented_reality" title="List of software related to augmented reality">Software related to augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">Virtual reality game</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems and desktop environments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS_version_history" title="Meta Horizon OS version history">version history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development tools and game engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="A-Frame_(software)" title="A-Frame (software)">A-Frame</a></li>

<li><a href="ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li>

<li><a href="ARKit" title="ARKit">ARKit</a></li>

<li><a href="ARToolKit" title="ARToolKit">ARToolKit</a></li>

<li><a href="Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Jetpack_Compose" title="Jetpack Compose">Jetpack Compose XR</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Spatial SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenVR" title="OpenVR">OpenVR</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenXR" title="OpenXR">OpenXR</a></li>

<li><a href="VisionOS" title="VisionOS">RealityKit</a></li>

<li><a href="VisionOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 2">TabletopKit</a></li>

<li><a href="Unity_(game_engine)" title="Unity (game engine)">Unity</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Scene_Description" title="Universal Scene Description">Universal Scene Description</a></li>

<li><a href="Unreal_Engine" title="Unreal Engine">Unreal Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Vuforia_Augmented_Reality_SDK" title="Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK">Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_HTC_Vive_games" title="List of HTC Vive games">List of HTC Vive games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Meta_Quest_games" title="List of Meta Quest games">List of Meta Quest games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Oculus_Rift_games" title="List of Oculus Rift games">List of Oculus Rift games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_PlayStation_VR_games" title="List of PlayStation VR games">List of PlayStation VR games</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities and social networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AltspaceVR" title="AltspaceVR">AltspaceVR</a></li>

<li><a href="FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a> for visionOS</li>

<li><a href="Horizon_Worlds" title="Horizon Worlds">Horizon Worlds</a></li>

<li><a href="NeosVR" title="NeosVR">NeosVR</a></li>

<li><a href="Resonite" title="Resonite">Resonite</a></li>

<li><a href="Sansar_(video_game)" title="Sansar (video game)">Sansar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensorium_Corporation" title="Sensorium Corporation">Sensorium</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinespace" title="Sinespace">Sinespace</a></li>

<li><a href="VRChat" title="VRChat">VRChat</a></li>

<li><a href="VTime_XR" title="VTime XR">VTime XR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Philippe_Bekaert" title="Philippe Bekaert">Philippe Bekaert</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Birrell" title="Simon Birrell">Simon Birrell</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Bolas" title="Mark Bolas">Mark Bolas</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Bradley_(actor)" title="Brendan Bradley (actor)">Brendan Bradley</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Bo%C5%A1tjan_Burger" title="Boštjan Burger">Boštjan Burger</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolina_Cruz-Neira" title="Carolina Cruz-Neira">Carolina Cruz-Neira</a></li>

<li><a href="Ela_Darling" title="Ela Darling">Ela Darling</a></li>

<li><a href="Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_K._Feiner" title="Steven K. Feiner">Steven K. Feiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Fisher_(technologist)" title="Scott Fisher (technologist)">Scott Fisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerome_Foster_II" title="Jerome Foster II">Jerome Foster II</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Fuchs" title="Henry Fuchs">Henry Fuchs</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._Furness_III" title="Thomas A. Furness III">Thomas A. Furness III</a></li>

<li><a href="Morton_Heilig" title="Morton Heilig">Morton Heilig</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Howlett" title="Eric Howlett">Eric Howlett</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Iribe" title="Brendan Iribe">Brendan Iribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Myron_W._Krueger" title="Myron W. Krueger">Myron W. Krueger</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a></li>

<li><a href="R._Bowen_Loftin" title="R. Bowen Loftin">R. Bowen Loftin</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmer_Luckey" title="Palmer Luckey">Palmer Luckey</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Stephen_Meadows" title="Mark Stephen Meadows">Mark Stephen Meadows</a></li>

<li><a href="Michelle_and_Uri_Kranot" title="Michelle and Uri Kranot">Michelle and Uri Kranot</a></li>

<li><a href="Tony_Parisi_(software_developer)" title="Tony Parisi (software developer)">Tony Parisi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonny_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Nonny de la Peña">Nonny de la Peña</a></li>

<li><a href="Elia_Petridis" title="Elia Petridis">Elia Petridis</a></li>

<li><a href="Warren_Robinett" title="Warren Robinett">Warren Robinett</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_J._Sandin" title="Daniel J. Sandin">Daniel J. Sandin</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieter_Schmalstieg" title="Dieter Schmalstieg">Dieter Schmalstieg</a></li>

<li><a href="Bob_Sproull" title="Bob Sproull">Bob Sproull</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicole_Stenger" title="Nicole Stenger">Nicole Stenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a></li>

<li><a href="Susumu_Tachi" title="Susumu Tachi">Susumu Tachi</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attack_of_the_Killer_App" title="Attack of the Killer App">Attack of the Killer App (Futurama Episode)</a></li>

<li><a href="Holodeck" title="Holodeck">Holodeck</a> (<a href="Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Netrunner" title="Netrunner">Netrunner</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ready_Player_One" title="Ready Player One">Ready Player One</a>

<li><a href="Ready_Player_Two" title="Ready Player Two">Ready Player Two</a></li>

<li><a href="Snow_Crash" title="Snow Crash">Snow Crash</a></li>

<li><a href="Superhot" title="Superhot">Superhot</a></li>

<li><a href="Sword_Art_Online" title="Sword Art Online">Sword Art Online</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Portals

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3ATechnology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li>

<li> Category

<ul><li>Augmented reality</li>

<li>Mixed reality</li>

<li>Virtual reality</li>

<li>Metaverse</li>

<li>Spatial computing</li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extended_Reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Extended Reality">Commons</a>

<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Augmented_reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mixed_reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metaverse" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brain–computer_interface366" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Brain–computer_interface366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biomechatronics" title="Biomechatronics">Biomechatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a></li>

<li><a href="BrainGate" title="BrainGate">BrainGate</a></li>

<li><a href="Brainport" title="Brainport">Brainport</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberware" title="Cyberware">Cyberware</a></li>

<li><a href="Exocortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocortex">Exocortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li>

<li><a href="Isolated_brain" title="Isolated brain">Isolated brain</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">Optogenetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_substitution" title="Sensory substitution">Sensory substitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Stentrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentrode">Stentrode</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_telepathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic telepathy">Synthetic telepathy</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">Electrocorticography</a> (ECoG)</li>

<li><a href="Neural_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural ensemble">Neural ensemble</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speculative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brain_transplant" title="Brain transplant">Brain transplant</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li>

<li><a href="J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li>

<li><a href="Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li>

<li><a href="Matt_Nagle" title="Matt Nagle">Matt Nagle</a></li>

<li><a href="Merlin_Donald" title="Merlin Donald">Merlin Donald</a></li>

<li><a href="Miguel_Nicolelis" title="Miguel Nicolelis">Miguel Nicolelis</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Kyberd" title="Peter Kyberd">Peter Kyberd</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a></li>

<li><a href="Yoky_Matsuoka" title="Yoky Matsuoka">Yoky Matsuoka</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Boyden" title="Edward Boyden">Edward Boyden</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurohacking" title="Neurohacking">Neurohacking</a></li>

<li><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Walk_Again_Project" title="Walk Again Project">Walk Again Project</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brain-computer_interfaces" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Brain-computer interfaces">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Simulation_hypothesis&oldid=1304241070">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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